The Merchant of Venice essay free essay sample

Show how William Shakespeare in The Merchant of Venice uses juxtaposition, contrasting characterisation and foreshadowing to explore ideasMany literary devices can often be used to explore ideas. William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice has many plots and sub-plots with various underlying themes expressed through the use of literary devices. Shakespeare uses juxtaposing settings to display the theme of people being easily corrupted by the desire of wealth and losing sight of the value of their interpersonal relationships; contrasting characterisation to show that people are more similar than they are different; and foreshadowing to emphasize that arrogance can lead to ones downfall.William Shakespeare uses two juxtaposing settings to display that people are easily corrupted by the desire of wealth which causes them to lose sight of the value of relationships. Throughout the play, Shakespeare contrasts Venice and Belmont to show the effect setting plays in the disposition and nature of main characters such as Portia and Shylock. We will write a custom essay sample on The Merchant of Venice essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Portia is the embodiment of the calm and merciful nature of Belmont, whereas Shylock represents the greed of Venice as he would rather his †¦daughter were dead at my [Shylocks] feet wearing those jewels while Portia is willing to offer her wealth to save Antonio when she tells Bassanio to Pay him six thousand and cancel the debt. Id pay twelve thousand before Id let a friend like that suffer in the slightest because of you†¦. Belmont is an imaginary place ruled by women which is filled with tranquillity and unity, while Venice is the financial capital bustling with business and discrimination. The scenes constantly switch between Belmont and Venice during the course of the bond plot between Antonio and Shylock, and the casket plot between Portia and Bassanio. Within these juxtaposed settings, the nature of the characters is clearly seen as the purposeful juxtaposition of these two settings contrast the chaotic Venice and the peaceful, fantastical Belmont. This is shown in the case of the trial when Portia, disguised as a lawyer, displays her kindness when she tells Shylock that The quality of mercy is not strained. It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven upon the place beneath. It is twice blest: It blesseth him that gives and him that takes†¦. This metaphor about mercy attempts to show Belmonts grace and mercy to Venice, a place ruled by the wealthy and the greedy. – what is ironical, resolution of the theme. Contrasting characterisation is the prominent foundation of the play. Although contrasting, Antonio and Shylock are more alike than they are different. As the play unfolds similarities in Antonio and Shylocks situation are made known as they both have lost someone close to them. Shylock has lost his daughter Jessica who eloped with Lorenzo, a Christian, while Antonio has lost Bassanio, a close friend, who embarked on a journey to win [Portia]. There is a contrast in their reaction to this loss as Shylock is furious and runs through the streets of Venice crying my daughter! Oh, my ducats! repeatedly. Although mocked by the majority, Shylock cares only for his money as he regarded her elopement as procession and mourned the loss of his precious jewels instead. Meanwhile, Antonio is accepting of Bassanios wishes as he aids him in his quest to pursue Portia, the Belmont heiress. Another contrast can be made in the way both Antonio and Shylock are represented in society. Although Shylock accounts, in the beginning of the play, the injustices done to him by Antonio such as spiting on him and calling him a dog, Antonio is praised by most people in society. Bassanio use hyperbole to describe his character as he is †¦the kindest man and most courteous to others. Meanwhile, Shylock, who appears not to have many friends throughout the play, is despised by even those close to him as Launcelot, his servant, uses simile to liken him to the devil while his daughter criticises his manner. Shylocks religious status and practise of usury is the main cause for his discrimination. However, through the use of rhetorical questions in Shylocks speech before the trial saying, Hath not a Jew eyes?.. . If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? And if you wrong us, do we not revenge , Shakespeare helps the audience understand the effect of discrimination and prejudice on the afflicted minority.Finally, foreshadowing is used to emphasise the idea of arrogance being the cause of ones downfall. This theme is constantly seen throughout the play, with the first example being when Antonio and Shylock agree on a penance in case Antonio is not able to repay the debt on time. Antonio agrees to the bond confidently saying that he †¦expect[s] return of thrice three times the value of this bond†¦. Antonio is certain that all his ship will return safely and will be able to easily repay the bond. However, his confidence is proven to be misplaced as more than half his ships were destroyed and Antonio ends up almost losing his life. Shylock knows of the uncertainty of Antonios wealth and makes the bond, knowing that there are many things that can happen during the ships voyage. Another example of foreshadowing is that of Jessicas monologue as Shylock bids her goodnight and takes his leave, with Jessica saying †¦Farewell; and if my fortune be not crost, I have a father, you a daughter, lost†¦. This foreshadows how Shylock will lose his daughter because of her elopement with Lorenzo which occurs later in the play. The last example is when Shylock stands before the court to claim his pound of flesh, confident that he can claim it and will be protected by the law. This is ironical since he ignores all pleads of mercy, foreshadowing how the court will overthrow the fulfilment of the bond.Throughout William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare uses many literary techniques such as juxtaposition, contrasting characterisation and foreshadowing to highlight the subtle and underlying themes present in the play. Juxtaposition is used to display the theme of people easily losing sight of the value of their interpersonal relationships; contrasting characterisation is used to show that people are more alike than they are different; foreshadowing is used to emphasise that arrogance can lead to ones downfall.

Greggs plc Essay Essay Example

Greggs plc Essay Essay Example Greggs plc Essay Paper Greggs plc Essay Paper 1. 0 Executive Summary Greggs plc intend to spread out their operations into international markets in order to fulfill their overruling aim: ‘to be Europe’s No. 1 Bakery’ . Germany has been selected as the host state and justification for this determination has been discussed. : Furthermore. Greggs will come in the German Bakery market through the employment of a ‘Foreign Direct Investment’ method. more specifically a ‘Sales and Production Subsidiary’ . This study outlines the blend of marketing mix constituents used to place the offering ; the execution method adopted to guarantee effectual merchandise and service bringing ; and the control mechanisms utilized to do certain that aims are achieved. 2. 0 Introduction Greggs is the presently the taking UK retail merchant in the bakeshop market holding experienced high degrees of growing in 2002. The company achieved grosss of ?422. 6 million. an addition of 11. 9 % on the old financial. Its operating net income besides witnessed an addition of 11. 8 % to ?35. 3 million in 2002. Their popularity has quickly increased as consumers are seeking quick. convenient and indulgent nutrients to complement their fast-paced life styles. Greggs is actively spread outing their operations and have over 1. 200 retail mercantile establishments under the Greggs and Bakers Oven trade names. They entered into the international sphere in 2003 with the gap of two mercantile establishments in Belgium. This scheme was pursued in order to carry through the company’s long-run aim of going a leader in the European market topographic point. Further international enlargement will therefore fulfill their current aims and heighten their presence in the European bakeshop market. 2. 1 Report Aims To warrant market pick To set about internal and environmental analysis for the place and host state To place the most appropriate foreign entry scheme To orient a services selling mix to demands of the host market To propose methods of execution to let successful market incursion To supervise the advancement of this venture through the employment of control mechanisms 3. 0 Mission statement â€Å"We intend to be Europe’s finest bakery-related retail merchant. accomplishing our ambitious growing marks by achieving world-class criterions in everything we do. Our intent is the growing and development of a thriving concern for the benefit and enjoyment of employees. clients and stockholders likewise. 3. 1 Valuess Greggs is a customer-focused concern. seeking to supply first-class merchandises and services that deliver enjoyment and value-for-money. We are committed to people development. within a considerate civilization that combines liberty and answerability and maintains a strong focal point on profitableness. In all our activities. we aim to accomplish excellence through uninterrupted improvement† . 4. 0 – Market Choice Cannon and Willis propose a method of â€Å"simple riddance † to place a possible host market. This method of market pick ensures that the staying state satisfies all chief standards highlighted by the administration. The diagram below shows a systematic attack to happening a suited market for Gregg’s enlargement. Industrial. economic and cultural factors will be integrated into the choice procedure as these are cardinal to Greggs’ operations in add-on to their chief purpose: ‘To be the no. 1 bakeshop retail merchant in Europe. ’ Parallel to their aims. all non-EU states will be excluded from the choice procedure. Greggs’ 2nd precedence is to enter markets which display fast growing in bakeshop markets. The states with the highest degrees of class growing are shown below: Figure A Country Cakes and Pastries Market – % Category Growth 1995 – 1999 Portugal 4. 60 % Germany 3. 70 % France 3. 60 % Spain 1. 80 % Denmark 1. 80 % Using this tabular array. Greggs may extinguish Denmark and Spain from their market pick choice procedure. Psychological distance between the place and host state can besides find the success of international activities and therefore have been incorporated into the procedure. The Gallic have a broad choice of elaborate. exquisite and epicure dishes. This contradicts the typical merchandise proposition offered by Greggs. Although Greggs could see a focussed distinction scheme aiming niche markets. the copiousness of specialist bakeshop retail merchants would suggestively do the Gallic bakeshop market hard to perforate efficaciously and hence exclude it from farther examination. Lusitanian market tendencies highlight an increasing demand for â€Å"wholesome. household merchandises â€Å" . In contrast to the latter. Greggs offer an ‘on the move’ nutrient proposition which is typically consumed separately instead than in a household environment. Suggestively the Portuguese are loath to encompass new nutrient offerings as research illustrates a strong penchant for traditional culinary art served in traditional eating house scenes. Furthermore the market is dominated by both high street retail merchants such as Podaria Popular and industrial makers therefore connoting high barriers to entry are high. Having adopted this procedure of riddance. Germany appears to be the predominating market pick. Despite the high labor costs. long holiday clip and decelerate economic growing. Germany’s overall economic public presentation is the 3rd largest in Europe and accordingly presents itself as an attractive market pick for Greggs. â€Å"Products with a convenience character are go oning to turn out popular in the German bakeshop market. runing from ready to eat and impulse merchandises to in shop bakeshop merchandises â€Å" . Furthermore. â€Å"across the bakeshop market. international bakeshop fortes such as crescent rolls. ciabattas and baguettes are lifting in popularity. a contemplation of higher consumer demand for more non-traditional or fresh merchandises â€Å" . This market therefore presents itself as an ideal location for Greggs to spread out their international operations. Greggs will prosecute a ‘concentration’ technique with respect to state and client mark group. â€Å"A company may concentrate its attempts by come ining states that are extremely similar in footings of market features and substructure to the domestic market â€Å" . This will enable Greggs to understate hazard and benefit from cultural tantrum. Furthermore. as in the UK they will concentrate attempts on a foc ussed mark audience. 5. 0 – Internal and Environmental Analysis 5. 1 – Internal Analysis 5. 1. 1 Strengths Internal strengths need to be assessed to place assets. capablenesss and nucleus competences that are movable to the host state. Greggs is a good recognized bakeshop retailing trade name in the UK which aims to â€Å"create a individual and cohesive Greggs trade name countrywide â€Å" . This is being executed utilizing a coherent and consistent publicity of the company’s proposition and trade name across the state. Greggs have sustained a strong hard currency flow which allows them to put money in keeping in their retail mercantile establishments. bakeshops and trade name. Key investings include important financess spent on production installations to back up the growing of retail operations. Greggs actively seek to place their shops in outstanding locations relative to distribution channels and client entree. Greggs shops are typically located in busy and to a great extent populated towns where their fast and convenient proposition is ideal. In response to the 6. 4 % addition in demand for takeaway nutrients. Greggs is accommodating their servicescape to provide for these turning demands. 5. 1. 2 Corporate Culture Greggs operates in a hazard taking corporate civilization which allows them to be advanced and antiphonal to market alterations. They believe in supplying high client service taking to retain clients by bring oning trueness and trust. They place great accent on motivation and authorising employees as they believe that continued growing of the concern is a contemplation of the work force. These competences are movable and of equal value to the German market place. Greggs are actively spread outing their operations internationally in order to distribute hazard. increase international trade name consciousness of their merchandise portfolio and exploit fast turning new markets. 5. 1. 3 Value Chain Greggs UK have produced a ‘Value Chain Analysis’ which is â€Å"an analytical tool that describes all activities that make up the economic public presentation and capablenesss of the house. † This can be used by Greggs to exhibit nucleus competencies that can be exploited in the host market. 5. 2 – Environmental Analysis The environmental analysis purposes to place the current state of affairs of the German bakeshop market utilizing relevant tools of analysis and international research methods. A Plague analysis has been used to place influential factors for Greggs in Germany as discussed. 5. 2. 1 International Marketing Research â€Å"Marketing research refers to garnering. analyzing and showing information â€Å" . It is the deficiency of cognition on foreign markets that is one of the major barriers an international selling director must get the better of. It is hence imperative that Greggs formulate an effectual market research scheme as the first measure in get the better ofing this barrier. In this instance. international selling research was carried out for the intent of cut downing possible hazard and supplying us with a concluding systematic and nonsubjective attack for our proposition. Primary research has non been undertaken due to the restrictions of this study. However. if Greggs were to implement this internationalization proposal. primary research would be an imperative tool when sing market pick. These could include qualitative methods such as interviews and observation. Secondary signifiers of research carried out have included Government studies. Internet beginnings and text edition literature. and farther strengthened by journal articles. This assortment of informations aggregation methods helps to supply a rich analysis from legion beginnings as a foundation for decision-making. From this research the undermentioned factors have been taken into consideration when sing Germany. 5. 2. 2 Social A ; Economic Environment Social factors. as outlined in the PEST analysis outline the increasing tendency towards ‘on the go’ ingestion. This reflects the busy life style of the working population in Berlin hence the pick of location. The economic factor of high disposable income besides provides an attractive ground for Germany as consumer disbursement is high. 5. 2. 3 Prospective Country Culture Greggs may utilize the Hofstede theoretical account to â€Å"identify persuasive cardinal differences of national civilizations † and thereby measure their cultural tantrum. â€Å"According to Hofstede. the manner people in different states perceive and interpret their universe varies along four dimensions: power distance. uncertainness turning away. individuality and maleness. † The German civilization is a low context and explicit. possibly of all time more so than the British. Furthermore. â€Å"the German national outlook is of a comparatively high degree of uncertainness turning away. The Germans do non like a sense of insecurity which makes them experience uneasy in concern. ( Germans work with ) difficult facts. and sound statements â€Å" . There are hence little cultural differences that the UK direction squad will hold to see upon come ining the German market. 5. 2. 4 Market Competition Competition in the German market is a cardinal variable of Greggs’ success. Figure B- Competitor Analysis Germany bars and pastries market portion ( % value ) by company Manufacturer 2000 2001 Bahlsen 11. 2 9. 1 Lady Cake-Feine Kuchen 8. 0 6. 9 Dahli Kuchen 7. 4 7. 2 Grossbackerei Wendeln 7. 0 7. 0 Dan Cake 3. 2 3. 4 Kuchenmeister 7. 8 11. 3 ABK 9. 0 8. 6 Private Label 15. 1 16. 5 Other 31. 3 30. 0 Entire 100 100 It is hence of import to place. analyse and proctor competitory motion. Figure B illustrates the possible competition in the German bakeshop market in conformity to market portion 5. 2. 5 Geographic Climate Greggs’ gross revenues are affected merely by climatic extremes – really hot conditions can deject demand for bakeshop merchandises. and drawn-out rain or snow can do people reluctant to travel out and do their usual day-to-day purchases. This form is mirrored in Germany and hence fluctuations in gross revenues must be accounted for. 5. 2. 6 The German Market The usage of the Porters 5 Forces theoretical account has recognized the attraction of the German bakeshop market through the designation of barriers to entry and possible replacements. 6. 0 – International Marketing Aims In visible radiation of the administrations resources and competences. the following aims have been established: 6. 1 Short Term Aims Utilise promotional mechanisms to promote test and to animate client trueness to the trade name By carry throughing this aim. Greggs will be working toward procuring a loyal client base thereby supporting themselves. to a big extent. from rivals. Conduct quarterly pricing reappraisals to guarantee that monetary values remain competitory with challengers By guaranting competitory monetary values. Greggs’ reinforce their committedness to offering ‘value for money’ as highlighted in their mission statement. To guarantee all employees receive high criterions of preparation that is reflected in high quality service to the consumer Greggs corporate scheme highlights the importance of a merriment and supportive working environment. They promote themselves as being a â€Å"great topographic point to work † and promote personal development. This in bend reflects on their high quality service offered to the terminal consumer. 6. 2 Long Term Aims To continually supervise. anticipate and challenge rival motions in the bakeshop market. This will let Greggs to stay advanced and develop new and altered formulas in response to market alterations and consumer demands. To beef up and construct upon our topographic point market to accomplish 4 % place by 2010. This will be achieved through â€Å"core growing and debut of new mercantile establishments â€Å" . It will enable Greggs to be a adept participant in the German Bakery market ( see Figure B ) To broaden the Greggs merchandise portfolio by 5 % twelvemonth on twelvemonth. This will allow Greggs to spread out their operations. in line with their growing ideals. and to boot offer a larger merchandise scope to ever-evolving consumer demands. To establish a farther 6 shops in Germany by 2010 therefore spread outing range and influence. This will ease Greggs strive towards accomplishing their chief purpose: ‘To be Europe’s finest bakery-related retail merchant. ’ Increase consciousness of the Greggs trade name in the German bakeshop market By achieving trade name consciousness. Greggs will able to insulate themselves. to an extent. from the wrath of competition. The German bakeshop market is mostly disconnected therefore doing it an attractive market for possible new entrants. 7. 0 Foreign Market Entry Strategy â€Å"Firms make up ones minding to come in a foreign market face a critical determination in taking the best market entry manner to serve the market. This determination is important because it can hold an on-going impact on a firm’s international concern public presentation. † Root ( 1994 ) suggests three different regulations ‘Naive rules’ . ‘Pragmatic rules’ and ‘Strategy rules’ . However as a consequence of the progressively heterogenous nature of the international market. it is of import that Greggs do non generalize their attack. but adapt each entry manner harmonizing to the host market. The manner selected in Belgium hence. may non be wholly applicable to Germany. Based on this principle. Greggs will be using ‘Strategy rules’ which is when all entry manners are compared and evaluated before a pick is made. Furthermore. harmonizing to Hollensen ( 2001 ) â€Å"some houses have discovered that an ailment judged market entry choice in the initial phases in the houses internationalization can endanger the houses future market entry and enlargement activities â€Å" . hence exemplifying its importance to Greggs plc. Greggs will necessitate to see the chief groups of entry manner influencers prior to pick in order to place the most appropriate and profitable manner. 1 ) Internal Factors Harmonizing to the Company’s Act ( 1985 ) . houses with over ?5. 75 million in turnover and over 250 employee are classified as big. Greggs more than qualifies this with a turnover of ?422. 6 million and employment of 17600 people in 2003. This provides them with an equal resource capableness to open up a gross revenues and production subordinate in Germany. Furthermore. in developing their theory of internationalisation. Johanson and Vahlne 1977 assert that â€Å"uncertainty in international markets is reduced through existent operations in foreign markets ( experiential cognition ) instead than through the acquisition of nonsubjective cognition. † Greggs have already ventured into Antwerp and Leuven in Belgium hence increasing their experiential cognition and expertness. Greggs green goods is fresh and adust goods. In order to keep this stance. the lone executable option would be to bring forth. every bit good as sell in the host state. Additionally. because Greggs will advance themselves as a British company. they will be pass oning a clear derived function and competitory advantage. 2 ) External Factors Both the UK and Germany are members of the European community thereby cut downing their Socio-Cultural distance. This propinquity between states will therefore favour hierarchal manners of entry. Due to the propinquity between states perceived hazard is reduced. Companies are hence less loath to prosecute more affecting manners of entry. It has been stated that â€Å"the size of the host state is an of import attractive force to foreign direct investing † as big and turning markets will do direction more likely to perpetrate resources to the development of a entirely owned subordinate. With a population in surplus of 825 Million people in 2002 Germany is obviously a big and turning market doing it an ideally suited to a FDI manner of entry. Furthermore. the German bakeshop market is extremely disconnected which reduces barriers to entry in the signifier of dominant rivals. All other variables being equal. the higher the strength of competition. the more likely a house is to choose an export manner of entry. The German bars and pastries market is made up of several little participants each of which occupy little proportions of the market place. This presents itself as an ideal proposition to Greggs who will be able to set up themselves without dominant resistance. 3 ) Desired Mode Features The pick of manner of entry will besides depend on the attitudes of the determination shaper. Although it is hard to find how pro-risk or hazard averse Greggs Managing Director Sir Mike Darrington is. one may presume from their hierarchal entryway into Belgium that a high hazard. expansionist scheme has been adopted and will be pursued. The grade of control that direction desire over operations will assist set up which manner of entry to use. Hierarchical manners allow high degrees of control over operations guaranting that the latter are carried out to Greggs specification. All else being equal. the greater the resource investing. the lower the flexibleness of the concern. Consequently. if Greggs pursue a hierarchal manner of entry. they will hold to see their potency limited flexibleness. The above suggests that Greggs’ would profit from a hierarchal manner of entry as it satisfies all standards for the latter. This is where the house wholly owns and controls the foreign entry manner. However. regardless of the evident control over operations specified by this manner. the grade of control that caput office can exercise over the subordinate depends on how many and which value concatenation maps can be transferred to the market. Having reviewed all options. its was decided that a Gross saless and Production subordinate will be introduced in Germany go forthing the Research and Development and Marketing activities to be conducted at place in the UK. Harmonizing to Hollensen ( 2001 ) . holding selected this manner of entry. Greggs will profit from holding full control over the whole operation. Furthermore. Greggs has long term market potency in Germany and hence the ownership of a gross revenues and production subordinate will enable Greggs to construct a strong international presence over a long period of clip. This method besides eliminates the possibility that a national spouse gets a ‘free ride’ and allows Greggs to derive market cognition straight. A gross revenues and production subordinate will ease rapid entry to the German market leting speedy entree to its distribution channels. Plus. no transit costs will be incurred as natural stuffs will be purchased in the host state. In add-on to those proposed by Hollensen. Greggs may profit from being able to accommodate the ingredients used to German gustatory sensations. They can to boot orient the servicescape to German penchants. Greggs green goods is non-durable and therefore it would be inappropriate to demands to be produced and sold rapidly as it is preponderantly sell fresh nutrient. Retaining R A ; D and Marketing operations at place will cut down costs and hazard. Having established themselves in the German market. Greggs may see reassigning these operations over in the hereafter. Furthermore. using a hierarchal manner will enable Greggs to work new market chances every bit shortly as they arrive with minimum hold. In line with the latter. Abell ( 1978 ) construct of a strategic window provinces that there are merely limited periods during which the tantrum between the demands of the market and capablenesss of the house are at an optimum. Investing should hence be timed consequently. Although. this method will necessitate a great trade of investing in footings of clip. money and committedness. research has shown that â€Å"the net income returns generated by foreign direct investing manners are normally greater than those generated by exporting â€Å" . Harmonizing to the Uppsala Internationalisation Model. companies begin their internationalization process a ) by traveling into comparatively close markets foremost so more distant 1s and B ) companies entered new markets through exporting. Although at face value it appears that Greggs’ scheme contradicts the premises of theoretical account. it does nevertheless highlight the undermentioned exclusion: Firms that have larger resources can take larger stairss with fewer effects. Arguably Greggs autumn under this class. This theoretical account besides suggests that houses start by come ining markets which are nearer in footings of psychic distance hence cut downing uncertainness. Germany is considered comparatively near and despite linguistic communication barriers. the German civilization is similar to that of the UK as highlighted in the ‘Environmental Analysis’ subdivision of this study.

This is bussinees economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

This is bussinees economics - Essay Example It is these shared patterns that make individuals identify with a particular group and not another. Attitude also affects the individual behavior in the sense that it is representative of the individual’s state of mind. It shows an individual’s like or dislike and, therefore, prior to any undertaking the outcome of any undertaking is likely to be a product of the attitude. Values are another factor. These are the beliefs that an individual or a certain group has towards a general idea. Having values or principles determines the ethical code of conduct and by extension determines the amount of emotional investment that can be for or against an idea (Volker, 32). Finally, the authority also shapes individual behavior in the sense that depending on the way it is used. This can be attained by cohesion or even convincing a person to carry out an activity. When cohesion is applied, it will in most cases narrow down the options available to the one carrying out the order. In m ost cases when pushed to the wall, the end will always justify the means. It is of great significance to study individual behavior so as to understand one’s own behavior pattern and how it affects day to day interactions. Besides, it allows for the opportunity to make informed choices for corrective measures so as to develop appropriate behavior pattern, not just for personal effectiveness but social effectiveness as well (Volker, 36). In explaining individual behavior, two models have been considered in this case. MARS model of individual behavior, also called MARS BAR explains individual behavior due to both internal and external factors. A breakdown of the acronym is motivation, abilities, role perception and situational factors. They constitute the four major factors that affect individual behavior and outcomes. This model is applicable to many cases but is often used in management,

Introduction to marketing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to marketing - Coursework Example 2005, p. 4). The main idea behind this definition is â€Å"the core of all marketing activities is satisfying consumers, therefore, marketing is a continuous process as environment and consumer demands are constantly changing. Product should adapt to changes in demand. Marketing can also be defined as â€Å"attainment of corporate goals by satisfying the needs of customers more than competitors do (Jobber 2010, p. 5). This indicates that marketing includes understanding the needs of customers and tailor the goods and services than the competitors. The above definitions of marketing are not even certain. Therefore, marketing definitely means a challenge for businesses to adjust to the changing the marketing environment based on the positioning of the consumers. However, there is need of companies to find means of adjusting to the changing environment in order to be able to grow much stronger. Therefore, it is essential for them to comprehensively understand the changing marketing environment nature. The body of this paper discusses the changing marketing environment and its impacts to marketing activities, relationship between consumer and marketing, impacts of consumers on design of marketing strategies, and important of marketing environment and consumers to marketing activities. Marketing environment is made up of forces and actors outside marketing who affect the ability of marketing management to develop successful relationship with its consumers (Kotler 2009, p. 14). Marketing environment is divided into two parts; micro and macro environment. Customers- customer markets include international markets, government market, business market, consumer markets, and reseller market. A customer can be a household or an organization purchasing goods and services for their own use or for resale for profit. Suppliers-suppliers are

Jacob Isaacksz van Ruisdaels Wheatfields Essay Example for Free

Jacob Isaacksz van Ruisdaels Wheatfields Essay Ruisdaels painting, Wheatfields, depicts a Dutch rural panoramic landscape. The medium used is oil on canvas and the actual size of the composition is very large, which adds to the grandeur created through his techniques of depiction. Ruisdael painted Wheatfields in c. 1670 in the later years of his life. The organisation of Ruisdaels pictorial space encourages the spectator to feel small. The mass of the rustic, realistic natural environment is encumbering, with the small figures of people and animals. The angle of the spectators vision is directly central to the picture plane, which allows us an expansive view to both the left and right. To the far left we can see the sea, on which boats are sailing. From the middle to the right we see intricately painted trees and an old brick building through the trees. Our line of vision follows an old dirt track which hedges, logs and blades of grass line before meeting the expansive wheat fields. The line of perspective is approximately two thirds from the top of the picture in which Ruisdael devotes the upper end of his picture to his depiction of the sky. Ruisdaels use of tone and colour is wide-ranging and natural, the bright blues and whites of the sky contrast and complement the yellow and orange hues of the fields below them. The merging colours are only interrupted by the browns and greens of the trees. The light source is sunlight broken only by the mass of clouds, which serve to provide shade to the landscape below. The overall effect served by this landscape is one of overwhelming natural bounty. The diminutive human and animal figures emphasise the symbolic them of vanitas. The landscape with its brown hues suggests an autumn setting, perhaps implying that even nature is not exempt from the passing of time and futility of life. Through his fine intricate, sharp detail Ruisdael provides an epic of a painting, overwhelming, yet contrastingly peaceful.

Character of Mr. Ramsay in Virginia Woolfs To The Lighthouse Essay exa

The Character of Mr. Ramsay in To The Lighthouse      Ã‚  Ã‚   When reading novels, it is important to understand the aspects of each character to completely get the message that the author is trying to send to the reader.   In the novel, To The Lighthouse, Virginia Woolf illustrates the character, Mr. Ramsay as a husband and a father of eight.   As a husband, he mentally abuses his wife, Mrs. Ramsay, and as a father, Mr. Ramsay discourages and psychologically abuses his children to an extent that makes his children hate him.   Mr. Ramsay has another side of compassion, and love for his family.   Woolf describes Mr. Ramsay as insensitive, malicious, and brutal toward his family, but he also desires happiness and wants the best for his family.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although Mr. Ramsay often scolds and mentally abuses Mrs. Ramsay, all he wants is love and affection from his wife.   For example, when Mrs. Ramsay lies to James about the next day's weather, "There wasn't the slightest chance that we could go to the lighthouse tomorrow" (31).   This comment shows that, if Mr. Ramsay doesn't want to do something, they are not going to do it.   During the same conversation Mr. Ramsay say something that he would later realize he shouldn't of said.   Mr. Ramsay regrets getting upset at his wife for no reason and he is ashamed of the actions that he took.   As a result of hurt that he caused his wife, Mr. Ramsay wants to make her happy again.      Next, the novel displays Mr. Ramsay's insensitivity towards Mrs. Ramsay when his comments make her "bend her head as if to let the pelt of jagged hail, the drench the dirty water, bespatter her unrebuked" (32).   This illustrates Mr. Ramsay as heartless to other's feelings, it seems like he enjoys torm... ... are abusive, but he also has the positive traits of sincerity and sensitivity toward his family.   Woolf illustrated Mr. Ramsay as both mentally abusive, but also loving and caring toward his wife, Mrs. Ramsay.   Mr. Ramsay is very harsh and critical toward his children because he wants the best for them and for them to become self-sufficient, but his children do not realize this and makes them hate being around their father.   Woolf does not describe Mr. Ramsay as only bad or good, but she describes him as a real person with personality flaws.   She does this because it makes it easier for the reader to understand the individual as a whole, instead of just a fictitious character.   By using this writing technique, Woolf allows the readers to fully grasp the concept of the character.    Works Cited Woolf, Virginia.   To The Lighthouse.   New York: Harvest, 1955.

Philip Larkin’s Poetry Essay

In what ways does Larkin’s poetry show his attitude to death? In Philip Larkin’s poetry there is a profound sense of unease about death. Larkin, throughout his poetry, obviously contemplates the inevitable end that is death. In his poetry Larkin uses great observational skills, noting and writing about everyday circumstances in cinematic detail. With death, though, Larkin has nothing to observe. He cannot draw any precise conclusions about something that he has not directly experienced. I think, therefore, that Larkin shows a fear of death through his poetry, but also a deep fascination with it. I intend to show Larkin’s attitude to death through a number of his poems. In these poems Larkin certainly does show a fascination with death, but hopefully I will also show that Larkin’s attitude is not completely negative and that Larkin may see that death can have a redeeming end. The first poem from my selection that I will use is â€Å"ËÅ"Ambulances’, a poem where even the title suggests relation to death. In â€Å"ËÅ"Ambulances’ the emphasis is definitely placed upon death, the first line actually hints upon Larkin’s attitude to death. He begins by setting a very sombre image within the reader’s mind, saying â€Å"Closed like confessionals†Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  An almost dooming phrase. The instant image given by this one line is dread. Most people dread going to confession and the thought of disclosing one’s secrets and sins can make it seem even more daunting. Larkin actually had no love for religion, in fact it was quite the opposite, and the comparison made between ambulances and confessionals can actually be seen as an attack on ambulances, showing that they are a front, concealing the inevitable. The comment upon the path that they take â€Å"†Ã‚ ¦they thread Loud noons of cities† may be used to represent death being everywhere, and like a thread it is woven into our lives. One may also see a religious reference within this phrase, showing that God who is supposedly with us always is now replaced with death looming over us. Even amongst the vibrancy and lively atmosphere of the city, perhaps even a rush hour, death still looms. We see Larkin’s great observation; he almost absorbs everything he sees, † †¦ giving back None of the glances they absorb. Light glossy grey, arms on a plaque.† Larkin sees as ambulances as representing death, which takes life, carrying it off but never returning it. He also shows not only his own fascination with death, but also the fascination all people have. Whenever people see the ambulance they immediately stare. The imagery of death as Light glossy grey, arms on a plaque and They come to rest on any kerb creates an impression upon the reader making them look at their own mortality and they realise that death is the one truth we all must encounter Larkin is bleakly honest when he says â€Å"All streets in time are visited†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This clearly shows that death is also common in all places and paints a picture for the reader to understand. â€Å"Then children strewn on steps or road, Or women coming from the shops Past smells of different dinners†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Larkin takes everyday chores experiences and relates them to death, showing how commonplace death is. The image of children being ‘strewn’ reflects the randomness of death. An image is evoked from the reader of bodies scattered and strewn after death has finally reached them. Even the youthful cannot escape death, children are susceptible. â€Å"†¦ see A wild white face that overtops Red stretcher blankets momently As it is carried and stowed† The use of enjambment rushes the reader through the lines and ives a sense of panic at the sight of this person being taken away. The use of the word â€Å"ËÅ"stowed’ shows that the body is just like an object being stowed away, an unimportant â€Å"ËÅ"thing’. Larkin then describes death as â€Å"the solving emptiness†. Life is seen as having such a meaningless nature and that death is there and â€Å"†¦lies just under all we do.† Death constantly threatens us in everything we do. This shows the fragility of human life. â€Å"And for a second get it whole, So permanent and blank and true.† This truth is inescapable, the repetition of ‘and’ drags out this whole meaning. The  utter truth is that death is forever, like the ambulances, we do not return. Larkin shows that people think of death, but when they see the truth that death holds it frightens them and they place it in the back of their minds. This is shown when he says â€Å"The fastened doors recede †¦Ã¢â‚¬  These fastened doors are the doors of the mind closed to what they don’t want to know, what they cannot possibly comprehend. As the body was stowed the people whisper â€Å"poor thing† but â€Å"at their own distress â€Å". These people do know that all streets in time are visited, including their own. When anything bad occurs, one naturally reacts by comparing the situation to one’s own life. We are sympathetic but naturally selfish. We all see death, including Larkin, as an image of a â€Å"..sudden shut of loss Round something nearly at an end†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The shut of the ambulance doors represents death closing in around life that is â€Å"nearly at an end†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Larkin’s language when he describes death as ‘something’ gives it anonymity life no longer has a source of meaning because Larkin sees death to be a stronger power which overpowers life. Death removes the uniqueness and identity of life; everyone comes to the same end. â€Å"And what cohered in it across The years, the unique random blend Of families and fashions there At least begin to loosen.† Larkin could be referring to the mix of genes we have inherited over the years and that death can loosen this blend. This also shows that we are ‘unreachable’ by anything but death. â€Å"The traffic parts to let go by†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This shows the traditional respect for the sick and the dead. This respect has been built up through the fear of death. I know that this is true to me, personally and obviously to Larkin also. Larkin ends with a very daunting cadence; â€Å"Brings closer what is left to come, And dulls to distance all we are. † This cadence, to me, seems very dramatic. It brings into perspective the whole theme of mortality. Larkin makes us think of how fragile and short life is. Larkin must really fear his own mortality. I suppose everyone fears death to  a certain extent, but not many people would care to, or even dare to contemplate what happens after death in as much detail as Philip Larkin. These thoughts must frighten him and anything to do with death and mortality must scare him. Another poem, that is not only relevant to the question, but is also on the same theme as ‘Ambulances’ is called ‘The Building’, the building being a hospital. Larkin describes the hospital as â€Å"Higher than the handsomest hotel† I think that this line is misleading and somewhat ironic, it is falsely attractive. It paints an almost positive picture of a hospital, but I feel that Larkin resents the height of it, after all, the bigger the building the larger the capacity it can hold. The building is â€Å"Like a great sigh out of the last century.† So this building is obviously a modern construction, a quite incongruous and disturbing building in it’s nineteenth century context. Larkin’s tone then changes to fear: â€Å"†Ã‚ ¦what keep drawing up At the entrance are not taxis; and in the hall As well as creepers hangs a frightening smell.† Larkin makes a reference to ambulances here also. He refers to them drawing up outside and the smell in the halls being â€Å"ËÅ"frightening’. He almost persomifies the smell by saying it hangs over them as if it were ready to pounce on any victim. He describes the waiting area and how the people’s faces are â€Å"restless and resigned† He obviously sees this as an area of tension evoking nervous reactions from those who await. He describes them as â€Å"†Ã‚ ¦humans, caught On ground curiously neutral, homes and names Suddenly in abeyance.† He is saying that in this building everyone is in the same boat. They are all â€Å"Here to confess the something has gone wrong.† This is similar to the idea of the confessionals in â€Å"ËÅ"Ambulances’. As I have said, this idea strikes unremitting fear. Each person is waiting to tell of how something has gone wrong with their bodies. Death is slowly violating them. â€Å"It must have been an error of a serious sort, For see how many floors it needs†Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  He is amazed by the size of the building, or perhaps even scared by the size of the need for this building. After all men like to covet wealth but the need for this place is so great that the expense is necessary. â€Å"†Ã‚ ¦and how much money goes in trying to correct it†Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  As a man is wheeled  past in old ward clothes the people all turn quiet, another aspect of death that was also shown in â€Å"ËÅ"Ambulances’. The people fear their mortality when they see death creep up on others. Larkin also relates to us how trapped he feels in the hospital and how distant the outside seems. â€Å"Far past these doors are rooms, and rooms past those And more rooms yet, each one further off And harder to return from†Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  The distance between the outside and the rooms within the hospital seems greater than any physical distance, the freedom of the outside â€Å"†Ã‚ ¦out to the car park, free†Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  seems to be slipping away like time, into the past, like a cherished memory: â€Å"†Ã‚ ¦outside seems old enough†. His desperation for this freedom is so immense that he even plots, in his mind, the route he took to the hospital. He states that we are lulled into a false sense of security and fears that he may never get out. â€Å"†Ã‚ ¦a touching dream to which we are lulled But wake from separately†Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  We are â€Å"ËÅ"lulled’ into this false sense of security, this dream that we wake from â€Å"ËÅ"separately’, isolated and alone. He seems to pity those who, without realizing it, may have to stay for a longer period than they think, they â€Å"†Ã‚ ¦join the unseen congregations†Ã‚ ¦Old, young; crude facts of the only coin this place accepts†Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  The only way of being accommodated here is to be sick. His attitude of inevitable death is shown again: â€Å"All know they are going to die Not yet, perhaps not here, but in the end, And somewhere like this.† He then goes on to describe life as a cliff we climb towards death and how death cannot be overcome. We may try to lighten the dark by bringing gifts, but they are merely wasteful gestures because death is so inevitable and final. Larkin’s attitude to death, here, sees it as totally negative, we also see this view in his poem ‘ The Explosion’, where Larkin takes the form of a third person, describing an incident which claims the lives of several miners in a rural community. Here, Larkin takes the role of a narrator and in this poem his view of death is more sanguine than it is in other poems. He does not express thoughts and feelings as much and I feel this shows how impersonal death really is. The poem has three distinct sections: before the explosion, the moment of the explosion and its aftermath. The first line  arouses a feeling of expectation; â€Å"On the day of the explosion’ We know that from the beginning of this poem that the explosion, and therefore death, is imminent. There is also a hint of Kinship that Larkin may have held for ‘the men in the pits’. He makes the men seem real by talking about ‘Fathers, brothers, nicknames, laughter’ which makes the reader feel the humanity of the men and therefore sympathise with them. These men were ordinary people with their own fears, even a fear of death. Even though these characters were killed in the explosion Larkin has tinged the ending of the poem with hope, because for an instant the love between the dead and their loved ones was so strong that it overcame death itself, allowing the loved one to see each other one last time. â€Å"Wives saw men of the explosion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Larkin strangely endorses the idea of an afterlife even though he was an atheist. ‘The Explosion’ ends on an optimistic note. The final line tells us of how one of the dead miners shows ‘The eggs unbroken’. These ‘eggs’ are a symbol telling us not to lose hope, for even though we may die, nature and life will always carry on. It is set apart from the rest of the poem and can therefore be seen as a climax. So far, 1 have looked at Larkin’s dread, fear, curiosity and overall negative reaction to death. I think it is possible that Larkin may have also found a somewhat positive and redeeming aspect of death in his poem ‘An Arundel Tomb’. This poem tells of a dead earl and his wife the countess who were buried together in a tomb. Their tomb has become, through time, a tourist attraction because of the great likenesses formed from stone of their bodies. Larkin, again with his keen observational eye, looks upon statues and is shocked to find proof of hope and positivity. â€Å"It meets his left hand gauntlet, still Clasped empty in the other,. and One sees, with a sharp tender shock, His hand withdrawn holding her hand.† This chivalrous sight surprisingly hits a tender chord with Larkin, this is surprising due to his predominantly pessimistic views. Larkin also realises that the times of chivalry, knighthood and love are gone. Their love in this time has almost been changed to an untruth, yet is still has prevailed and lasted through time. Larkin looks at these deaths positively because he says, â€Å"†¦and to prove our Almost instinct, almost true : What will survive of us is love.† Larkin takes comfort in this as it reconciles and contrasts to his view that nothing exists after death. He previously described death as, â€Å"An endless meaningless.† Through looking at these poems, I found that throughout Larkin’s life, he tried and tried to find out what death was and what lay beyond it. Most of the time, we find that Larkin had a genuine fear of death, and he could not possibly surmise what lay beyond it. This could be due to his lack of faith and spirituality. For this reason I chose’ An Arundel Tomb’, so as to show that Larkin expressed some hope in death, love was the redeeming feature. Larkin discovered something in those statues that did go beyond death, and this is why he expressed it so beautifully in his last line: â€Å"What will survive of us is love.† Larkin’s poetry almost paths a journey he took through his life in discovering the truth about death. John Carey said that â€Å"Fear of death runs through the poems, and may seem irreconcilable with Larkin’s poised realism.† I have found that Larkin’s poetry is indeed interwoven with death throughout. This may be the case, but I also believe that Larkin found something redeeming in â€Å"ËÅ"An Arundel Tomb’ and that all of his works referring to death, were steps towards his own reconciliation with death.